A Look Back at 1980s Colombo

On YouTube, there is a video called “Sri Lanka Colombo 1984” by user Wolfgang Gegusch. I decided to write a blog post about 1980s Colombo based on the video. I’ve written similar blog posts which are “A Look Back at 1960s Colombo” two years ago and “A Look Back at 1970s Colombo” four years ago. To give context to this period, the 1980s was a time without internet, email and mobile phones for the general public. Television was something new to Sri Lanka then as it arrived in 1979. I’m embedding the video and giving my thoughts below it.

The video opens with a close up of the “Insight Guides Sri Lanka” book. I have the 1987 Fifth Edition with the same cover which I referred to in the second part of my article about how Sri Lanka switched to the metric system. We are then shown a good postcard of Colombo from this time period. The video footage starts which shows the guns at Galle Face. We see the Galle Face Hotel which looks special. I like how it’s so green with the palm trees and grass around the hotel. There’s a gigantic chess board in that green environment.

We are taken to Galle Face Green which doesn’t look to be well maintained. Looking back at this time, I see the achievement Sri Lanka has made of getting cleaner in the decades since. We see buildings with the Bank of Ceylon Tower being in construction. I notice near the Galle Face Green there are black and white markings on the edge of the pavement which doesn’t exist anymore. We see more roads nearby and go to Colombo Fort with buildings such as the State Bank of India and the red Cargills building next to it. The Colombo Fort Clock Tower looks good.

We see the Diyawanna Lake with the Sri Lankan Parliament building that was new at the time. It’s good to see the old Sri Lanka Standards Institution (SLSI) building on Dharmpala Mawatha. The SLSI played a major role in Sri Lanka’s metrication as I’ve covered in this blog. It’s unfortunate to see elephants being mistreated for a zoo performance.

This was a good look into what Colombo was like nearly 40 years ago in 1984. This is a colourful video with good cinematography. When I posted “A Look Back at 1960s Colombo” exactly two years ago in December 2021, economist Amal Sanderatne in correspondence with me suggested other blog posts like this to do, including one on the 1980s. Amal who founded Frontier Research tragically passed away in July 2023. I never met him personally, but enjoyed being in touch with him online. He is a man of integrity who contributed greatly to Sri Lanka. I dedicate this article to Amal Sanderatne.

Sri Lanka at 75

Today, the Fourth of February 2023 marks 75 years of Sri Lanka’s independence from Britain. Unfortunately, it’s so tragic that Sri Lanka is in one of its darkest periods right now, going through a severe economic crisis. I wish Sri Lanka was in a much better place without all the current and long-term problems that predated the crisis. I decided to give a short reflection on this anniversary of Sri Lanka’s independence. My view is that the corrupt politicians may be able to steal Sri Lanka’s money & resources and use its people, but they cannot take away the meaning and importance of the country, including Sri Lanka’s Independence Day. We Sri Lankans must not let them do that.

Sri Lanka’s Independence Day represents breaking free from colonialism which the country had suffered greatly from. Though the British became the first colonial power to colonise the whole island in 1815, Sri Lanka had been colonised by the Dutch & Portuguese prior to the British having experienced a total of almost 400 years of colonialism. This day is also a day to enjoy and celebrate Sri Lanka. 75 years of independence is a landmark anniversary for Sri Lanka. Sri Lankans of all generations can look back to positive memories and experiences of theirs in Sri Lanka covering 1948 to the present day. This can include beautiful Sri Lankan scenery you’ve seen, trips taken with family and/or friends, great Sri Lankan days of yours and much more.

A positive aspect of Sri Lanka’s independence movement is that it was achieved peacefully. That gives us hope of what we can achieve with sensible movements for change in Sri Lanka. May we gain wisdom to take Sri Lanka forward. We must learn from our wrongdoings, failures and mistakes. Let’s make the next 75 years much better than the previous 75 years. We need to do this for our future generations. We can make Sri Lanka clean, transform our bad politics into something good, remove discrimination, have a unified Sri Lankan identity, diversify our exports, attract needed foreign direct investments (FDI), build a stable economy and more. Happy Sri Lankan Independence Day!

An Overview & Evaluation of the Senate of Ceylon

Sri Lanka when it was previously known as Ceylon had a Senate. The Senate of Ceylon began in 1947 (one year prior to Ceylon’s independence from Britain) and was part of Ceylon’s Parliament. Parliament initially consisted of two houses with the House of Representatives as the Lower House and the Senate as the Upper House. There were 30 members of the Senate with half of them elected by the House of Representatives and the other half nominated by the Governor-General (a representative of the British Monarch) who was acting on the Prime Minister’s advice. In this article, I will be having a look at how the Senate functioned and discuss the idea of having a Senate again in the context of Sri Lanka’s current problems.

The Senate was established via the Soulbury Constitution, Ceylon’s first constitution. I will be having a look at some sections in the Ceylon (Constitution) Order in Council, 1946 related to the Senate. The conditions of the Senate that I refer to come from the period of its establishment. It is possible there had been changes made to them during the duration of the Senate. The Senate was a permanent body unaffected when Parliament was dissolved. A Senator should have been at least 35 years old who served a six year term and a third of Senators were required to retire every other year. The Senate was required at its first meeting to elect two members to serve as President and Deputy-President of the Senate. 

According to the 1956 book “Ceylon and Her Citizens” by I.D.S. & Marguerite I. Weerawardena, the Senate did not have much power. The authors point out that the Senate could share its perspectives, ask questions and be critical of the government. However, unlike the House of Representatives, it could not be an obstacle to the Cabinet. The House of Representatives could do this by declining to provide money requested by the government or by declining to pass laws the government brings. The Senate was incapable of doing these things as the House had the power to override the Senate’s decisions.

After a bill was passed by the House, it got sent to the Senate. The Senate could pass the bill or reject it. If the bill was passed, it would be sent to the Governor-General who usually approved it making it an Act of Parliament. If the Senate rejected the bill, that gave it power to delay the bill by approximately one year until it got sent to the Governor-General as long as the bill got passed a second time by the House. If the bill was related to financial matters, the Senate could only delay the bill by one month. 

Dr. Nihal Jayawickrama wrote an article worth reading called “The Abolition Of The Senate”. The article gives the story behind the abolition of the Senate in 1971. I am not going to discuss the abolition of the Senate, but I found it interesting how he said in his article: “The Senate was one of the five constitutional safeguards that were included in the 1946 Constitution in order to remove the fear of “domination and oppression” by a “permanent and unassailable majority” which existed especially in the minds of Ceylon’s ethnic and religious minorities.” This makes me think if the Senate was beneficial for minorities.  

I wonder if the Senate could have been helpful for this decade with the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna’s (SLPP) disastrous governance. It’s possible that if the Senate existed now, the SLPP could also have received a two-thirds majority in the Senate like they did at the last Parliamentary election. Section 10.3 of the Ceylon (Constitution) Order in Council, 1946, mentioned that the Governor-General should work to appoint public servants with valuable service or respected professionals. This is referring to the 15 Senators appointed by the Governor-General. I wonder if the Senate in the present context could bring in individuals of suitable quality who don’t usually contest elections. If it was working as expected, it would provide a much needed improvement to governance. Due to the limited functions of the Senate as mentioned above, it seems unlikely it would have been able to protect independent institutions from interference by politicians such as the Rajapaksas. 

The SLPP have been acting so shamelessly. They continue to pander to the Rajapaksas, wanting them to make a comeback. If the Senate was functioning properly with a majority not with the SLPP, they could be standing for justice. The Senate may have been able to delay the passage of the 20th Amendment by one year. They could have provided the necessary work of an opposition which has been lacking by the opposition party, the Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB). Something to think about is whether the Senate could have prevented the devastating economic crisis Sri Lanka is facing right now. Of course, if the Senate had not been abolished in 1971, Sri Lanka’s history is likely to have been quite different. The present state may not be anything like it is right now. 

As I wasn’t alive during the Senate of Ceylon and due to the limited amount of information I was able to find on the Senate, this is only a snapshot view of the topic rather than a detailed analysis. I have been thinking if it would be beneficial for Sri Lanka to have a Senate again. I’d be interested in hearing from those who were alive during the Senate of Ceylon of how it functioned and your thoughts on if the Senate would be beneficial to Sri Lanka’s present state. 

A Look Back at 1960s Colombo

I discovered a one minute YouTube video by the Huntley Film Archives called “Colombo, Sri Lanka, around 1960. Archive film 95260”. The quality isn’t the best with a watermark, but it is in colour and it does offer a glimpse into what Colombo, Sri Lanka was like in the 1960s. This blog post is a companion piece to my blog post “A Look Back at 1970s Colombo” from a few years ago. I’ll be embedding the video below and will be giving my thoughts on it.

 

We see ships at sea in Colombo Port. We are soon joined by the Colombo Port Commission building in the same area which is now the Sri Lanka Ports Authority building. We see people walk outside the building. The video then moves into the Colombo roads. I see a brief flash of a double decker bus. We see the Grand Oriental Hotel. Interestingly, I attended a wedding at the Grand Oriental Hotel two years ago in December 2019. 

The Colombo Tram is featured. The Colombo Tram is a transport system that used to exist in Colombo, but was discontinued in 1960. I notice that some cars seem to be driving too close to the tram with them crossing the lines of the tram section. It’s my observation that some of the same type of small shops seen here still exist in Colombo. There are what appears to be vegetable stalls. We see the Colombo Tram again going through a narrow road with tiled roofs. It closes with an old building. I wonder what building this is.

  

It was good to see a look into 1960s Colombo. I notice that Colombo seems to have a strong British influence unlike now, which is no doubt as this was not long after colonialism. Colombo in the 1960s was a very busy city like how it has always been. If you have lived in Colombo in the 1960s or been in Colombo during that time, I hope this video brought back positive memories.

Cerno's Colombo

There is a popular Sri Lankan blogger who blogs under his online name Cerno. Five years ago, he made his Flickr photos in the public domain. I found great photos of Colombo, Sri Lanka in his Flickr so I decided to write a blog post using some of his Colombo photos with commentary by me.

We’ll begin with two photos of Independence Square. I like the angle he took in the second photo

which is capturing the Independence Memorial Hall in a great way. 

This is a nice shot of Colombo at night featuring interesting light effects.

This is what Cerno calls an “Unglamorous Colombo panorama”. He had taken this photo from Durdans Hospital in 2007. While this isn’t the poshest aspect of Colombo, I wouldn’t call it unglamorous. I think it’s a nice depiction of the Colombo suburbs. The abundance of buildings in Colombo are often criticised, but for me that’s part of Colombo’s charm. This picture has a lot of trees alongside buildings which I think is an aspect of the Colombo look and feel.

Here’s an old photo of Colombo probably taken in the mid or late 1980s. Sri Lanka’s Supreme Court complex can be seen in the picture. Colombo looks so different to how it is now.

Here’s a photo of Colombo taken much more recently in December 2012. This provides a strong

contrast to the previous picture taken in the 1980s. While both photos were taken from different places,

they both point towards Colombo Fort with the Bank of Ceylon building being the most common link

between the two. I personally prefer contemporary Colombo. This is the first in a set of photos Cerno

seems to have taken from a building.

Here’s a panorama taken from the same position, thus we get a much wider view including a better

look at the sea. Just like in the previous photo, we see alongside buildings many trees and the Beira

Lake.

There are quite a few colourful buildings in this photo. 

I’ll end this with a lovely shot of contemporary Colombo featuring modern buildings. We also see some

green with the trees, the Beira Lake and a bit of grass. One thing I’ve noticed in these four photos is

that there is hardly any traffic on the Colombo roads which seems strange to me as this is daytime

when the traffic is very intense. The peaceful Colombo roads are good to see.

These photos showcase attributes of Colombo which includes its history, modernity, uniqueness and

colour. If you enjoyed this, you may be interested in my previous blog post “Captivating Colombo”

featuring photos I took of Colombo. I also started off that post with Independence Square. 

Sri Lanka 50 Years of Metric: Late Changes and Current Usage

Trilingual highway sign in km in modern Sri Lanka 

This is part two of the article "Sri Lanka 50 Years of Metric" giving the story of how Sri Lanka switched to the metric system as this year is the 50th anniversary of Sri Lanka's metric system adoption. Click here to read part one. This part will go over late changes of conversion carried out, the drawbacks that exist today and Sri Lanka's current usage of the metric system. This article will be holding the Sri Lankan government and the National Metric Conversion Authority to account for their performance in converting Sri Lanka to a metric country. The images of the three posters featured in this article were taken at the National Archives of Sri Lanka of the National Metric Conversion Authority Archives Holding #143. The holding details are mentioned in brackets below each poster image.

Late Conversions

Following the National Metric Conversion Authority's disbandment, in the 1980s Sri Lanka was in a

very muddled state of measurement. According to page 326 of "Insight Guides Sri Lanka" Fifth Edition

(1987), during that decade the odometer of some cars were measured in kilometres with other cars in

miles. They also mentioned that most people still thought in imperial units and that the government

was very involved in converting the country to metric. An example of changes that decade was the

new metric construction regulations in 1986 which came as the Planning and Building Regulations.

These regulations were brought under the Urban Development Authority Act via a Government

Gazette.  

The Survey Department of Sri Lanka was metricating their maps in the 1980s. These new metric maps had a scale of 1:50,000 and were completed from 1985 to 1996. The way the 1:50,000 scale works is that 1 millimetre on the map is equal to 50,000 millimetres (50 metres) on the ground. Therefore, 1 centimetre is equal to 0.5 kilometre and 2 centimetres is equal to 1 kilometre. If the whole 1:50,000 scale map of Sri Lanka was drawn, it would have the dimensions of 8.64 metres by 4.48 metres which is 38.71 square metres, the size of a small apartment. For practical purposes, the topographic map of Sri Lanka is divided into 92 map sheets with a name and a sheet number.

A New Measurement Act 

As a result of Sri Lanka having a new measurement system, an act was needed to legally specify the metric system. A new act was created in 1995 which specified the units to be used in its schedules. This act was known as the Measurement Units, Standards and Services Act, No. 35 of 1995. Mrs. Devalakshmi Balasundaram who was part of the National Metric Conversion Authority, was involved in the drafting of this act. The act established the Measurements Units, Standards and Services Department (MUSSD) in 1997. The MUSSD is responsible for Sri Lanka's use of the International System of Units (SI Units). 

Imperial Hangovers 

Unfortunately, a noticeable amount of imperial units continue to be used in Sri Lanka. Feet and inches

are still in widespread use. Height of buildings is usually given in metres, but it's common to see

heights of mountains and above sea level in feet. Feet and/or inches is used in some product

descriptions, dimensions or sizes. Feet is sometimes used in signs and research publications. The

advertising industry uses feet for billboards (which stands in contrast to centimetres used for

newspaper ads). The width of a road is referred to in feet. 

Some industries that use imperial include tailors using inches (which stands in contrast with fabric sold by the metre), golf courses using yards and recipes using inches. British thermal units (BTU) and horsepower are still being used. The Chairman of the National Metric Conversion Authority Mr. H.L.K. Goonetilleke said in a 1979 speech that the Paddy Marketing Board is switching away from the bushel, yet bushels still have some use for paddy in agriculture. Feet has some use in dams. Related to it, acre-feet is still used for reservoir capacity, though it's getting more common to see Million Cubic Metres (MCM) used instead. Cubic feet have some use for natural gas.

Some mileposts remain, though it is mostly kilometre stones which are seen throughout Sri Lanka. A

2004 letter to the editor reported that there are sellers in Gampaha measuring rice in the traditional

seruwa dry measurement as well as textiles sold by the yard. There is also the issue of incorrect metric

usage, where kilometres per hour is usually referred to in the incorrect abbreviation kmph including on

most road signs. The correct abbreviation is km/h.

Temperature

Celsius is used consistently for temperature, yet many Sri Lankans use Fahrenheit for body

temperature. However, progress has been seen in this sector, as it is increasingly common to see Sri

Lankans using Celsius for body temperature. A poster shown below produced during metrication

shows the difference of one degree increments in Celsius for body temperature. Contrast this with the

Fahrenheit scale which uses decimal places for the same information. Also, some devices which heat

tea leaves in tea plantations use Fahrenheit as the equipment is very old. This provides a great

opportunity for Sri Lankan entrepreneurs or the private sector to create new modern digital devices

using Celsius to replace the old ones that could utilise smart technology. 

Poster on Temperature in English made during metrication which is useful in educating Sri Lankans

today about body temperature in Celsius (SLNA 143/57)

Metric Paper 

Sri Lanka uses the metric A4 paper, yet many digital documents are in Letter format (a US non-metric paper size that is shorter and wider than A4) due to the unfortunate issue of piracy, where pirated software is used directly from the US that has US settings. It can also occur in free services like Google Docs due to it having Letter as the default setting. Documents can be changed to A4 in the settings. Using A4 paper for both digital documents and sheets of paper will not give you the extra white space on the top and bottom when printing a Letter document on A4 paper as both dimensions are in alignment.

Metric Area Measurements

Area measurements is a sector that still has imperial set as its primary measurement units. The usual practice in this sector are square feet for houses & buildings and perches, roods & acres for land, though square kilometres are used for the sizes of large lands. Frontage is also referred to in feet. It is worth noting that Dr. Ronald T. Wijewantha (Chairman of the National Metrication Board) mentioned in a 1974 talk that after the metrication process all transactions including land should be in metric and that the Measurement Units, Standards and Services Act, No. 35 of 1995 requires land to be sold in metric units.

However, there are some sectors where metric area measurements have significant use, is the

preferred or standard unit. The government uses metric area measurements as their primary units

such as square metres for built-up areas. However, certain government departments' area

measurements are set to imperial and some government personnel may revert or choose to use those

units. The state run Board of Investment (BOI) has some area investment conditions in imperial and

some in metric which can be confusing for international investors to secure much needed Foreign

Direct Investment (FDI). When it comes to foreign funded or assisted projects, it is common to see

metric area measurements. It is good to see this occurring even in instances when the foreign

involvement comes from another metric country that still measures area in imperial units such as

Singapore or Hong Kong. 

The agricultural industry often uses hectares. Many tea plantation signs give its extent in hectares. I

am not sure if it applies to other agricultural plantations. Hectares is the preferred unit in forestry

including reforestation. Some researchers use hectares in their research on land issues. Surveyors

report in both imperial and metric with hectares being the primary unit. While many architects use

square feet, square metres have some usage in architecture. The construction industry and civil

engineering uses square metres. The floor space for convention and exhibition stalls are rented out in

square metres. Sri Lanka's post-war demining work is done in square metres. It is common to have

square metres used for swimming pools' area. Also, there are the occasional uses of metric area

measurements used in instances with no foreign or government involvement which are the size of a

building/land, property listing of a house, apartment or land and office space for rent or lease. These

instances are listed in either metric and imperial or metric only.   

All metric tea plantation sign including hectares as Ha 

© Martin Silva Cosentino | Dreamstime.com 

According to materials produced during Sri Lanka's metrication, this sector was intended to be

converted properly, as can be seen by posters made about metric area measurements by the National

Metric Conversion Authority featured below. These posters are useful today in educating Sri Lankans

about metric area measurements. Though square metres still isn't frequently used, it is good to see

that this unit has been used in Sri Lanka for a long time, as in 1971 latex/oil blending for the rubber

industry estimated its cost at 50 Rupees per 100 square metres.

Sinhala Conversion Poster on Metric Area Measurements (SLNA 143/61)

English Poster on Metric Area Measurements (SLNA 143/60)

I will mention some factors that may have contributed to the present situation. Many property

transactions are direct person to person. The Metric Units (Consequential Provisions) (Amendment) Act, No. 10 of 1983 that converted laws to metric used decimal places in its square metres conversions from square feet. There is this misconception that when listing small land in metric in Sri Lanka you would use decimal hectares instead of square metres as some government projects use this. 85 square metres sounds better than 0.0085 hectares. It is interesting to note that the 6th Departmental Survey Regulations by the Survey Department published this year, mentioned that if land surveyed has one or more decimal points in hectares, its equivalent size should be provided in square metres to assist the layman.

The government had two opportunities to educate the public and convert the area measurement sector

to metric which they unfortunately did not use. The first was during Sri Lanka's metrication, as square

metres could have easily been introduced to the general public while it was being introduced to the

construction industry. The second was with the passing of the Measurement Units, Standards and

Services Act in 1995. Those interested in this topic may wish to check out my article "The Case for

Metric Land Measurements in Sri Lanka" about this issue. 

Media

The media keep using certain imperial units most notably feet, inches, imperial area units, and to a

lesser extent yards and miles. This encourages Sri Lankans to sometimes think in old units, especially

the younger generations who have been educated in metric. It is not good to see an article using feet

many times without a mention of metres after several decades of metrication. 

Government

Most legislation is in metric, and there is a small amount of imperial legislation that remains either due

to those legislations having not converted or with the government's continued use of imperial in some

sectors. The government's main continuing imperial use includes feet and imperial area measurements

in legislation, regulations, projects or studies. 

Confusing Mix-Ups

Having feet and inches in widespread use results in some cases of a confusing mix-up of units. I will

mention a few of these I have noticed. Doors sold with height/width dimensions in feet and thickness in

millimetres - the correct practice is millimetres for all units. Exercise books giving dimensions in inches

and paper quality in grams per square metre (gsm) - the correct practice is dimensions in millimetres

or centimetres and paper quality in gsm. It is due to an incorrect perception in Sri Lanka of the foot

being a valid alternative to the metre and the inch being a valid alternative to the centimetre that leads

to these non-legal units having official uses with laws on metric units being ignored. Going back and

forth between feet and metres which occurs in Sri Lanka can lead you to confuse one unit with the

other.  

Suggestions to Complete Metrication

The main reason for some continuing imperial usage is because the National Metric Conversion Authority let the old units continue to be used alongside their metric counterparts in some sectors according to Dr. G.M.S. de Silva (Secretary of the National Metrication Board) in his article "Confusion over half-way conversions". Our continuing use of imperial in some sectors is preventing us from using the full potential of the metric system. It is unfortunate that some units that are no longer legal continue to be used. As this is the 50th anniversary of the metric system adoption in Sri Lanka, I think it is good to strive for a better usage of the metric system. This includes getting familiar with and using metric units in a sector where it is not common, e.g. road widths in metres, tailoring in millimetres, body temperature in Celsius, etc.

The following are my suggestions to complete metrication. I call on the MUSSD to carry out a study on

how well Sri Lanka is using the metric system and work to complete metrication. The MUSSD should

convert industries still using imperial including tailoring and area measurements to metric. Businesses

selling rates and/or working in old units should be required to switch. The MUSSD should come up

with requirements and give industries a timeframe to get used to it before enforcing it. They can

educate industry & the general public on body temperature in Celsius, square metres and hectares

including incorporating those units into schools' and higher education institutions' curriculums. The

media should introduce metric guidelines for their staff and metricate their newspaper property listings.

Further, future speed signs should use the correct abbreviation km/h with the existing ones gradually

replaced. 

Examples of Metric Usage in Day to Day Life

The following are examples of metric usage in Sri Lanka right now.

Petrol filling station in litres

Height above sea level of town Balana at train station in metres

5 metre bridge height clearance sign

 

Distance sign in kilometres

Kilometre stones

Distance signs to places in metres

Supermarket items in kilograms

5000 millilitre (5 litre) bottled water

Celsius oven 

Tissue sizes in millimetres 

Conclusion - Metric Sri Lanka

While it is true that some imperial usage continues, the metric system is the measurement system used by Sri Lankans. We have made significant progress from the muddled measurement of the 1980s. Metric usage has been increasing in Sri Lanka due to the younger generations being the most metricated. Even the less popular metric units square metres, hectares and body temperature in Celsius are used more. Metric units are frequently seen throughout Sri Lanka. Thank you very much to former Surveyor General of Sri Lanka Mr. Elmore Perera for taking the time to be interviewed by me to discuss metrication in the Survey Department, Director General of the National Archives of Sri Lanka Dr. Nadeera Rupesinghe for her assistance prior to visiting the National Archives and to Prof. David Robson (Architecture) & Dr. Lalith Goonatilake (Trade & Development Specialist) for responding to my queries relating to this article.

Making Sri Lanka a metric country helped the country's exports and made measurement more convenient for the country. Sri Lankans' use of the metric system in their day to day life includes purchasing food by the kilogram, filling up petrol by the litre, reading the weather in Celsius and driving distances in kilometres & speeds in kilometres per hour. Sri Lanka has used the metric system for 50 years and will continue doing so going forward.